عنوان پایان‌نامه

« اثر عصاره سیر، Allium sativum ، بر برخی ویژگی اکوفیزیولوژیک سن شکارگر( Podisus maculiventris Say . (Hem.: Pentatomidae »



    دانشجو در تاریخ ۲۵ شهریور ۱۳۹۲ ، به راهنمایی ، پایان نامه با عنوان "« اثر عصاره سیر، Allium sativum ، بر برخی ویژگی اکوفیزیولوژیک سن شکارگر( Podisus maculiventris Say . (Hem.: Pentatomidae »" را دفاع نموده است.


    رشته تحصیلی
    حشره شناسی کشاورزی
    مقطع تحصیلی
    کارشناسی ارشد
    محل دفاع
    کتابخانه مرکزی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شماره ثبت: 6189;کتابخانه مرکزی -تالار اطلاع رسانی شماره ثبت: 66493
    تاریخ دفاع
    ۲۵ شهریور ۱۳۹۲
    دانشجو
    زیبا ممدوح
    استاد راهنما
    حسین اللهیاری, وحید حسینی نوه
    چکیده
    لینک فایل چکیده
    در حال حاضر، حشره¬کش¬های سنتتیک به عنوان یک عامل کنترل موثر و مقرون به صرفه مطرح هستند. اما برخی از محدودیت¬ها در استفاده از آن¬ها باعث شده است که بسیاری از تحقیقات در جهت کشف عوامل جایگزین، همچون عصاره¬های گیاهی، برای آن¬ها باشند. از آن میان می¬توان به عصاره¬ی گیاه سیر (Allium sativum) اشاره داشت. گیاه سیر دارای فعالیت حشره‌کشی، دورکنندگی، ضد-تغذیه¬ای بر تعداد زیادی از گونه¬های آفات کشاورزی می¬باشد، اما اثرات سمیت آن روی دشمنان طبیعی کم¬تر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بر این اساس، این آزمایش با هدف بررسی تاثیرات غیرمستقیم عصاره¬ی گیاه سیر بر برخی ویژگی¬های اکوفیزیولوژیک سن Podisus maculiventris، به عنوان یکی از مهم¬ترین حشرات شکارگر در بسیاری از نقاط جهان، طراحی شد. برای تهیه¬ی عصاره، حدود 50 گرم از غده¬های تازه¬ی سیر با 250 میلی¬لیتر متانول 80 درصد مخلوط گردید و به مدت 60 دقیقه در دمای اتاق روی شیکر قرار داده شد. سپس مخلوط حاصل در 4000 دور در دقیقه به مدت 30 دقیقه سانتریفوژ شد. مایع رونشین جدا و حلال به طور کامل تبخیر شد. غلظت¬های مورد آزمایش به صورت 25? ، 15? ، 10? ، 5? ، 2? و صفر (آب مقطر) تهیه شدند. پوره¬های سن چهار یک روزه و نیز تخم¬های حشره در مراحل مختلف جنینی (یک، سه و پنج روزه)، به صورت غوطه¬وری به مدت پنج ثانیه در غلظت¬های مذکور تیمار شدند. در این آزمایش میزان زنده‌مانی، طول دوره¬ رشدی، طول عمر، تولیدمثل و کیفیت تغذیه¬ای با اندازه¬گیری میزان فعالیت آنزیم¬های گوارشی و کمیت منابع انرژی در طول دوره¬ی نشو و نما به صورت جداگانه محاسبه شدند. مطالعه¬ی اخیر نشان داد که سمیت عصاره¬ سیر بر این گونه¬ی شکارگر در مقایسه با لارو شب¬پره Ephestia kuehniella بسیار کم است. عصاره¬ی این گیاه، از لحاظ آماری تنها روی طول دوره¬ی رشدی سن پنجم پورگی و نیز طول عمر حشرات ماده شکارگر (05/0

    Abstract
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(Asterales: Asteraceae) essential oil on mortality, development, reproduction and energy reserves of Plodia Interpunctella (Hubner). (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Biofertil. Biopestici. 2010: 2: 105-111. Abstract Insecticides are currently the most effective and economical control measures but have some constraints in their uses. Some serious side effects of chemical pesticides had led to finding new alternatives such as natural plant extracts. Among them garlic (Allium sativum) is found to possess insecticidal, repellent, anti-feedant on many pest species.Nevertheless, efficacy of garlic on natural enemies has not been fully understood. Accordingly, the experiments aimed the indirect effects of garlic extract (GE) on some ecophysiological charachteristics of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) an important predatory bug in many parts of the world. Nearly 50gr of fresh garlic tubers were blended and mixed with 250 ml of Methanol (80%) and shaken for 60 min in room temperature. The mixtre was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Supernatants were isolated and the solvent was evaporated. A serial dilution of %25, %15, %10, %5, %2 GE was chosen. Distilled water was the control. 24hrs old 4th nymphal instar and eggs of different embryonic stages (1, 3 and 5 days old) were dipped in garlic dilutions for 5 seconds. Then, survival rate, developmental time, longevity, reproduction and nutritional quality were determined by measurement of digestive enzyme activities and energy resources over development period. The results showed that the GE had low effects of the fitness of the predator than Ephestia kuehniella. GE affected significantly the life span of the 5th nymphal instars and adult female longevity (p<0.05). Analyzed data revealed that pre-ovipision period, fertility, fecundity, longevity of male and developmental time of 4th nymphal instar were not affected by GE. The extract only affected embryonic developmental time (in 1 and 3 days old eggs) and did not affected egg hatching in the predator. Also, the biological parameters such as rm, T and ? significantly affected in the presence of GE. But, R0and DTwere not significantly different than control.The extract influenced ?-glucosidase and ?-glucosidase activity only in salivary glands of the 5th nymphal instar. Activity of midgut digestive enzymes in all developmental stages did not significantly reduce. So, data showed no significant differences in the amount of energy reserves. On the basis of our findings, garlic extract affected on the ecophysiological parameters of P.maculiventris is less. This investigation known that this extract almost is safe in application of this predator insect as biological control together in IPM.