عنوان پایان‌نامه
تحولات سیاسی خان نشین های خیوه از آغاز حکمرانی قنقراتی ها تا تشکیل جمهوری خوارزم (۱۱۸۴-۱۳۳۸)
- رشته تحصیلی
- تاریخ-مطالعات قفقازوآسیای مرکزی
- مقطع تحصیلی
- کارشناسی ارشد
- محل دفاع
- کتابخانه دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی شماره ثبت: 008341;کتابخانه مرکزی -تالار اطلاع رسانی شماره ثبت: 47919
- تاریخ دفاع
- ۳۰ بهمن ۱۳۸۹
- دانشجو
- فرهاد کردی
- استاد راهنما
- داریوش رحمانیان کوشککی
- چکیده
- این رساله به منظور ارایه تصویری روشن از تحولات سیاسی خان‌نشین خیوه در دوره قنقراتها به بررسی مسایل این خان‌نشین، علل و عوامل فروپاشی قدرت و سقوط آن به دامان روسیه پرداخته است. در این مطالعه با تکیه بر نسخ خطی، متون انگلیسی و جغتایی که در بر گیرنده دوره مورد مطالعه می باشد از روش تحقیق تاریخی استفاده گردید. خان نشن خیوه در بخشی از کشور های ترکمنستان و ازبکستان امروزی واقع بوده است که توسط ازبک های صحرانشین تحت فرمانروایی ایلبارس و بالبارس از خاندان یادگار خان تشکیل گردید. بحران سیاسی و اقتصادی این خان نشین در نیمه دوم قرن هجدهم میلادی به سقوط خاندان یادگاری و منجر به قدرت رسیدن قنقراتها گردید. پس از ان بیش از سه دهه طول کشید تا قنقراتها قدرت خود را تثبیت نمایند. در نیمه اول قرن نوزده میلادی محمد رحیم خان، الله قلی خان و محمد امین خان حکومت مرکزی قدرت مقتدری را تشکیل دادند. از آنجا که آنها تمایل به افزایش قلمرو خود بوده اند، با همسایگان (بخارا و خراسان) به طور دائم در جنگ بودند. در نیمه دوم قرن نوزدهم میلادی وجود ن‍ژادها و قومیت های مختلف از جمله ازبک، ترکمن و تاجیک با بینش های مختلف فرهنگی و با تکیه بر ایده های سنتی و آرمان های قبیله ای موجب درگیری در درون این خان نشن را فراهم آورد. حتی رقابت نهفته بین شهر ها و مناطق مختلف به وضوح در این دوران مشهود بود و نیز لشکر کشی های مکرر خان های خیوه علیه تراکمه ساکن در مرو، خان نشین بخارا و خراسان موجب کاهش ظرفیت نظامی و زوال اقتصادی را فراهم آورد. در چنین شرایطی روسیه از موقعیت پیش آمده بهره لازم را برده و پیشروی خود را به سوی خیوه آغاز کرد. بدین ترتیب در نیمه دوم قرن نوزدهم میلادی خیوه به دست روس ها افتاد. پس از انقلاب اکتبر 1917 میلادی در روسیه، خان نشین خیوه به مدت کوتاهی استقلال نسبی بدست آورده تا در فوریه 1920 میلادی خان نشین خیوه توسط ارتش سرخ سرنگون شد و به جای آن جمهوری خوارزم تشکیل گردید. کلمات کلیدی: خان نشین خیوه، قنقراتها، تحولات سیاسی، خوارزم
- Abstract
- “Khiva” placing in Kharazm area, was formed in early in century and continued until 1920. The Original name of that place had been always Kharazm. And only in 18th century entitled “Khanat e Khiva” was known in Russia and Western Europe. This place after capturing kharazm by “ozbakes” place in desert governed by 2 kings naming Ilbars and Balbars was formed by Yadgar Khan. These kings belonged to a branch of changiz that through Arabsha ibn pulad reached to 5th son of juji. So in historical texts this dynasty and tribes was known as yadgari. This dynasty was fallen at the end of 18 th century. During that time, the power of leaders of tribes of ozbak was increased and they invited of changizian kings placed in estebs of Gazzagh in order to sit place kings as a khan. Two main tribes of ozbak. Qongharat and monfiat compared with each other in order to obtain power. They had enemy relationship with separation of the north of wharazm (aral). This relationship became more and more the long wars between “Khiva” and “Oral” and among different tribers of ozbak and other tribes place in “khiva” made the situation disorganized. This situation reached its peare after influencing yamut over “Khive” in 1770, Mohamad Amin, the chief of Ghangharat they can defeat the accamalation of yamut omol got victory over “Khiva”. In this way ghangharatha was formed. After that it to ou 3 decades until ahanGharat could fix their power. In 1804 iltouz called him “Khan”. He died it after throwing away the wrong changizi. But was Rilled during the Bokhara war. His brother Rahim khan (1825-1806). After victory over oral, gharacholi, tornmen and ghazzagh and this continue until a centreal dynasty was formed. During those dynasties states governors had little authorities. During in first half of 19th century, Ghangharats developed irrigation system. So, ozbaks, completely were place in a particular area and new city centers were oublished. Despite of all these happening “Khans” had financial insufficient in human powers so, the attaked khorasan and Ghazzagh, however, in this period Kharazm become main centere of literature of turnish in central Asia. In 1855 “Khive” Army was defeated by a place near “Sarakhs” in khorasan. Mohammad Amir was killed in this war. This work coused a violence in torakom placed in kharazm this continued until 1867 “Khanat” was weak in political and economical affairs and the great part of the lands which had become new in the first half of 19th century was destroyed. “Khanat” could not have its control any longer from torkman tribes of the south. During this time comparison and crivil wars for obtaining power continned powerfully. The continuation of political disstability accompany with army weakness comparison with khanat and conflict of tribes with each other changed that place into a pray in order, to military victory in Russia. In spring, 1873, Russian attaked in several sides to “Kumkhan” and Seyyed Mohammad Rahim khan was defeated and the whole place was given to Russia. The coastal area. The constraction of railway caused the communication between different areas of “Khive”. From this time “Khive” entered to centeral market of Russia Empire. This tash developed investment in “Khan-neshin”. In this way, constraction of factories in “Khive” had very important after defeating of Russia in 1917 Feb. there was an attempt in the way of freedom amol reformation in khan-ne-shin and as aresult in 1918, spring, “Khive” was belonged to loneys khan the chief of torakom. Jounary 1920, Loneyed khan evas defeated by soldiers of Red army amol in 10th of feburary 0f 1920, the last Ghangharat seyyed abdollah left the dynasty and in 27 Avril 1920, was formel “Kharazm republic.” Keywords: Khiva Khanate, Qongrat, Political Developments, Kharazm Republic
