عنوان پایان‌نامه
مهاجرت فرزندان و اثرات آن بر حمایت اجتماعی و احساس تنهایی والدین سالمند روستایی
- رشته تحصیلی
- علوم اجتماعی- پژوهشگری علوم اجتماعی
- مقطع تحصیلی
- دکتری تخصصی PhD
- محل دفاع
- کتابخانه مرکزی -تالار اطلاع رسانی شماره ثبت: 75975;کتابخانه دانشکده علوم اجتماعی شماره ثبت: رس 4988;کتابخانه مرکزی -تالار اطلاع رسانی شماره ثبت: 75975;کتابخانه دانشکده علوم اجتماعی شماره ثبت: رس 4988
- تاریخ دفاع
- ۱۵ اسفند ۱۳۹۴
- دانشجو
- حسین ضرغامی
- استاد راهنما
- حسین محمودیان
- چکیده
- مهاجرت پدیدهای رایج در بیشتر روستاهای ایران میباشد، با این همه در مورد اثرات این مهاجرتها بر کسانی که در روستا باقی ماندهاند، کمتر تحقیق شده است. این مقاله، به بررسی اثرات مهاجرت فرزندان بر حمایت اجتماعی و احساس تنهایی سالمندان روستایی در شهرستان بردسکن میپردازد. در مناطق روستایی این منطقه، اغلب خانوادهها با تعدادی یا تمام فرزندان مهاجر مواجه هستند. برای رسیدن به هدف تحقیق، 357 سالمند روستایی دارای حداقل یک فرزند زنده، مورد مصاحبه ساختمند قرار گرفتند. روش تحقیق به صورت پیمایشی و با اتکاء بر پرسشنامه محققساخته بود که در تنظیم آن از پرسشنامههای استاندارد و معمول بهره گرفته شد. پاسخگویان به شیوه نمونهگیری چندمرحلهای و ترکیبی از روش نمونهگیری خوشهای و نمونهگیری تصادفی ساده از 9 روستا انتخاب شدند. نتایج نشان داد که مهاجرت فرزندان امری رایج در منطقه مورد مطالعه است و بیش 60 درصد فرزندان نمونه در خارج از روستاهای محل زندگی والدین، ساکن بودند. بیشتر این فرزندان مهاجر یعنی حدود یکسوم آنها در داخل محدوده شهرستان و عمدتا در مرکز شهر یعنی بردسکن مقیم بودند. مهاجرت فرزندان اثری منفی بر حمایت عاطفی، حمایت ابزاری و تعاملات اجتماعی والدین سالمند دارد، در عین حال، والدین از حمایت مادی فرزندان مهاجر بهره میبرند و احساس تنهایی آنها به طور قابل چشمگیری افزایش مییابد. ویژگیهای شخصی سالمند به همراه خصوصیات فردی فرزندان در این روابط اثرگذارند و نقش مستقل خود را دارند اما اثر خالص مهاجرت فرزندان همچنان وجود دارد. این اثر هم به صورت مستقیم و هم از طریق متغیرهای تعدیلکننده اعمال میگردد. اثر مهاجرت فرزندان بر تعامل اجتماعی با والدین و احساس تنهایی در آنها، بسیار تعیینکننده است. در حمایت ابزاری نقش نسبتا قابل توجه و در حمایت مالی و عاطفی تا حدی موثر است. به نظر میرسد، فرزندان مهاجر با حمایت مادی بیشتر به دنبال جبران کاستیهای خود در جنبههای دیگر حمایت اجتماعی هستند. یافته مهم دیگر این تحقیق، عدم تاثیرگذاری ویژگیهای ساختاری روستاها بر حمایت اجتماعی و احساس تنهایی والدین سالمند روستایی و نیز روابط آنها با مهاجرت فرزندان بود. به طور کلی و بر اساس یافتههای این تحقیق، والدین سالمند، از مهاجرت فرزندان خود هم متضرر و هم بهرهمند میشوند و صرفا نمیتوان از یک زوایه به موضوع نگاه کرد.
- Abstract
- Background and Aim: Out-migration is a common phenomenon to the most villages in Iran, however, there are few studies about the effects of migration on those who left behind. In this paper, we attempt to find out the effects of children s out-migration on social support and Loneliness feeling of aged parents who left behind in the villages of Bardaskan. In Rural areas of this region, most families faces with some or all children that migrate. Based on census data, between “2006-2011”, the rural population of Bardaskan has decrease about 2000. At the same time, in rural areas, the percentage of 60 years old and above persons have been 2 times more than urban areas (12.2 vs 6.2). This figure shows high out-migration of adults and youngsters while older people stay because they unable or unwilling to leave villages. Then, the study question is: what is the impacts of out-migration of children on social support and loneliness feeling of older parents who stay in rural areas. Method: For the purpose of the study, 357 older people that at least had one surviving child, have been interviewed by a structured questionnaire. The Research method is survey with attention to a questionnaire that the researcher have made it based on standard and common questionnaire. Respondents have been selected based on multi-stage sampling and a combination of cluster and simple random sampling from 9 villages. To define dependent variables, we modified existing measures, taking into account the importance in the region context of the family and of the children. We measured received support (instrumental, financial, emotional and interaction), and perceived adequacy of support from children, as well as loneliness feeling of respondents. The answers contained a five option from very much to nothing. There were 2, 2, 3 and 2 questions for measuring financial, emotional, instrumental and interaction support respectively. We defined an out-migrant child as a child living outside the parent’s district of residence (outside of village) for a minimum of the past 6 months. We used minimum of 6 months to avoid temporary absences. Considering asked name of destination of migration, we could calculate the interval of migration. In final analysis, the answers classified in 7 categories. Findings: in our research, 357 questioners used for analytical purposes. The number of males and females almost are the same and females are more just 3 people. At the time of study, about 64% of the interviewed persons (old parents) were married, but share of women of widows was very mush more and close to 83% of widows were females. Most respondents were illiterate and just 103 people could read and write. Close to 70% of sample had income below 5000000 and about 48% below 3000000 (Rials) monthly. This figure shows the extensive poverty among rural elders. In the study sample of 357 parents, 68.1% lived with at least one child stayed in the district and at least one child migrated, 9% lived with all children (without any migrated children), and, others do not have any co-resident child. Bivariate correlations showed the interval between child and parents (migration of children) have a positive relationship with financial support and negative relationship with instrumental and emotional support, also interaction with parents. Other characteristics of children have a meaningful relation with social support and this shows that the personal characteristics of children is very important factors in providing social support. The interesting point is that the strongest relation have seen between social support and migration of children. Among characteristics of parents, some variables don t have a meaningful relation with social support. Especially, literacy status does not have any correlation with these four aspects of social support. Sex of parent have a positive relation with financial support, this means that children s financial support to mothers is more than fathers. The same result have seen for loneliness feeling. To control most variables in one model, use of multivariate regression is appropriate and common. Here, based on level of measurement of variables (interval scales), we apply multivariate (Enter method with hierarchical) regression for these aspect of social support and loneliness. The results showed that out-migration of children highly limit family networks and interactions. Also, that have negative effects on emotional and instrumental support and excess the loneliness feeling of elder parents. At the same time, elders have benefits of material supports of that migration. Results: We find contradictory effect of migration of children on the dependent variables, while it is positive effect on financial support, negative effects on others have been seen. It seems that the children who migrate, by financial support, are seeking the ways to compensate the shortages driven by other supports. In Sum, the effects of children s out-migration on aged parents have seen, but the effects are various and parents get benefits and losses. The reader should not forget the role of other variables in this processes. At least, 5 variables are very important including health, income and marital status of olds persons and income and education level of children. In fact, both characteristics of parents and children have their independent role. Key words: Social Support, random and cluster Sampling, elder, social and familial network, Bardaskan.
